Spring & Summer Meeting Schedule

Besides the excellent speaker for the March meeting (see President’s Corner above), Terry O’Donnell has set up an excellent series of talks for our upcoming spring and summer meetings. Here is a brief list, so you can put these dates on your calendar:

April 10 (see President’s Corner above), Silent Auction

May 8, Ed Raines on Leadville, the EPA, and Me (and Beyond)

June 12, Dr. Robert Amerman on Undersea Movements and their Geologic After-effects

July (date to be determined), A joint meeting at the RAMs claim????

August 23 (Saturday), Our annual picnic, North Boulder Park main pavilion, 11:00 AM.


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Junior Geologists Activities

The Jr. Geologists are growing in leaps and bounds, with seven new members joining our group this winter. We want to welcome Charles Mock, Alex and John Dixon, Jacob and Megan Little, Noah Barton, and Nico Caballero into the club.

This winter, the Jr. Geologists have been working on the Rocks and Minerals badge. Twelve juniors have completed the requirements for this badge, for which they have learned about the differences between rocks and minerals; identifying minerals with an ID kit they made; Colorado’s state rock, mineral, and gem; and how to grow crystals. Several of the crystals they grew are quite beautiful. Congratulations to all of those who have earned this badge.

We are now working on the new Earth Processes badge, where the juniors are learning about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, volcanoes, earthquakes, and plate tectonics; and the rock cycle. Once the weather warms up, the juniors will take a field trip to collect sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks in the area. And, we plan some neat experiments to demonstrate our dynamic Earth. The next Jr. Geologists meeting will be Thursday, March 20 at 7 pm at Charlotte’s house. Besides working on the badges, each month features a special mineral of the month, plus great give-aways.

The Jr. Geologists program is open to all Flatirons Mineral Club families. We meet on the third Thursday of each month, plus have special weekend activities from time to time. For more information about the Jr. Geologists program, please contact Dennis Gertenbach or Todd Shannon.

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Upcoming Field Trips

With springtime just around the corner and the weather getting warmer, we have begun scheduling club field trips. Be sure to contact the trip leaders for trip details, and to sign up for these trips.

March 29-30 (Saturday and Sunday): Book Cliffs, north of Grand Junction to collect barite, calcite, and selenite. Todd Shannon will be leading the club to the Persigo Wash site, a less visited area containing barite-calcite nodules. Some hiking from the parking area is required.
Trip Leader: Todd Shannon.

April 12 (Saturday): North Table Mountain, outside of Golden, to collect zeolite minerals and calcite. This world-famous site is a great trip for kids, because everyone will find nice specimens. The club has a special-use permit from Jefferson County to collect minerals for this trip. A hike of a little more than ½ mile, climbing about 700 feet in elevation, is required. Snow day will be April 26.
Trip Leader: Dennis Gertenbach.

May 24-26 (Memorial Day Weekend): Wyoming to collect Kemmerer fossil fish, Wamsutter turitella agate, and perhaps Blue Forest petrified wood. We will visit one of the fossil fish quarries (pay site) to collect the fish you see in all of the rock shops. The turitella agate is quite unique, with fossil snail shells in a hard agate, and can be cut and polished.
Trip Leader: Dennis Gertenbach.

Other Trips in the Planning Stages
* McCoy to collect Pennsylvanian age marine and plant fossils
* Dotsero to collect pseudomorphs of goethite after pyrite and silica after calcite
* Tepee Buttes, east of Pueblo, to collect Cretaceous marine fossils
* Picketwire Canyon, south of La Junta, to visit the site of the largest dinosaur trackway in the US.
 

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2008 Silent Auction Rules and Procedures

The FMC will have two silent auctions per year. This will: 1. Allow everyone to participate in selling. 2. Reduce the number of tables to a manageable number (limit number of tables to those that would fit in the meeting room and eliminate the overflow into the adjoining rooms). 3. Allow those members who are working on the auction time to also bid. 4. Increase the amount of money taken in for the FMC. 5. Create additional outside interest in the club that could result in gaining new members.

The Silent Auction will be held under the following rules: a) One table is for young people only. b) One table is for the club only, as needed. c). The rest of the tables are divided into thirds. d) Each person is allowed to fill only one space (on a table), and spaces are assigned and marked off with blue tape. e) Applications for space must be sent to Bob Smith by e-mail at (or) by USPS letter to: Bob Smith, 5704 Rim Rock Ct, Boulder, CO 80301 f) Verbal and phone requests will not be honored. g) Applications must be dated (e-mail date or post marked) no later than the day of the monthly club meeting that falls one month before the silent auction. h) Applications must include the following information: Name, Address, Phone number, E-mail address (if available), Date sent in, Are you a FMC member (have paid dues for this year)? i) Spaces are allotted on a first-come-first-serve basis. j) After all table spaces have been filled, we will keep the rest of the applications and they will be put at the front of the list for the next silent auction, if these people apply again. k) All applications are for the cur-rent silent auction only. Applications do not carry over from one auction to the next. l) We will attempt to notify all sellers who have been awarded a space at least 2 weeks before the silent auction by e-mail, if available, or by phone. It is the seller’s obligation to notify the Dealer Chair of any changes in e-mail address or phone number. m) We will also attempt to notify everyone who applied too late to participate in the current silent auction and to inform them that they will be placed at the front of the list for the next silent auction, if they apply. They will also be first in line for any no-show spaces at the current silent auction. n) Table spaces will be held open for those who are assigned to those spaces until 7P.M. on the night of the auction. After that time, no-show spaces will become available first to late applicants, then to anyone who did not apply.



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Club Lapidary Equipment

The club owns a wide range of lapidary equipment that is set up in Charlotte Morrison’s basement and garage. This equipment is available for use by club members on Wednesday evenings or at other times by appointment. If you are inexperienced, but want to learn how to use the equipment, Charlotte will arrange for an experienced member to show you how to use the equipment. Be sure to call Charlotte and let her know when you will be coming.
 

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Field Trip to the CSM Geology Museum

Over 40 club members attended a special insider’s tour of the Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum on February 9, our first field trip of the year. Bruce Geller, the museum director, gave the club a great tour of the museum displays, plus a behind-the-scenes look at the museum’s collection that is not open to the public. Bruce also explained the expanded role that the museum is taking in assisting researchers from both Colorado and elsewhere.

We want to thank Bruce for the great tour!!

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Bring Your Field Trip Finds

If you found some great specimens at one of our club field trips, or on a trip of your own, please bring them to the next club meeting to show others.  Everyone enjoys learning where to collect specimens and what can be found.

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Be a Field Trip Leader

Do you have a favorite place to go collecting that you would like to share with club members?  Would you like to explore a new place with others in the club?  If so, consider leading or co-leading a trip for the club.  Leading a trip is pretty simple, you just need to select a place and date, promote the trip and get club members to sign up, collect the liability releases from participants, and go out and have a good time.  For more information about leading a trip, please contact Dennis Gertenbach.

 Remember, the more trip leaders we have, the more field trips we can have this year.

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Geology in the News
Dennis Gertenbach

Once again, our erstwhile news maven, Dennis Gertenbach has supplied us with a number of very interesting news items, as follow:

GOLD – The New Exhibit at the Denver Museum 

GOLD, the largest collection of gold ever exhibited, is at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science from February 15 to June 8, 2008. This fabulous exhibit of over 600 geological specimens and cultural objects is organized by the American Museum of Natural History, with additional specimens from the Denver Museum’s collection. It traces the influence that this yellow metal has had on human development. Included are more than 80 natural specimens, including crystalline gold and gold nuggets, 170 cultural objects, 400 coins and gold bars, and a 300-square-foot room with walls and ceiling completely covered in just three ounces of gold leaf. Pre-Columbian jewelry, some of the first gold coins, rare doubloons from sunken Spanish ships, an Oscar, a Grammy, and an Emmy are part of the exhibit.

Gold’s central place in Colorado’s history is also showcased. Gold brought the first influx of European settlers to Colorado, and the exhibit features some of best of Colorado’s best specimens, including Tom’s Baby, the largest single mass of crystalline gold ever found in Colorado and the 114-pound Summitville boulder found in 1975, a volcanic rock containing more than 22 pounds of crystalline gold. The Campion gold collection, donated to the Denver Museum in 1900, will display John Campion’s crystalline gold specimens from his mines near Breckenridge.

GOLD shows how gold is deposited in the Earth, where it can be found, how prospectors find it today, and how engineers recover it from the rock. The history of extracting gold from ancient times to modern mining operations is discussed. The exhibit also shows why this metal is so important today and how many of todays technological advances depend on gold’s unique properties.

For more information about the exhibit, visit the museum’s website. GOLD is presented in Denver by Newmont Mining Corporation, with major support provided by Wells Fargo.

Origin of Rubies and Sapphires Determined

Mineral collectors and gem cutters are quite familiar with rubies and sapphires, corundum or aluminum oxide found in a wide range of colors. The various tints are due to trace impurities: titanium and iron for the blue of the sapphire, chromium and vanadium for the red of rubies. Although these gems have been sought for thousands of years, the origin of many gem deposits has been a mystery for geologists and a subject of much debate. This is especially true for rubies and sapphires found in alkaline basalts, volcanic rocks that most commercial gems are extracted.

Geologists have known that these gems formed at extremely high pressures and temperatures deep within the Earth. Rising magma then brought them up to the surface where erosion liberated the crystals from the rock and accumulated them in placer deposits. Because the original rock has been weathered away, it is extremely difficult to determine the origin of these gems.

Researchers at the University of Antananarivo studied well preserved specimens of ruby-bearing rock from Madagascar and determined that the original magma originated in the Earth’s mantle. This discovery shows that the rubies and sapphires in the alkaline basalts were formed at extremely high pressures (30,000 psi) and temperatures (2,000 oF), 35 miles below the Earth’s surface. These researchers compared the ratio of oxygen isotopes in the rubies in the Madagascar rock with ratios in 150 rubies and sapphires from commercial basaltic deposits from 13 countries, and found them quite similar. This indicates that all these rubies and sapphires were formed under similar conditions, thus originated from the Earth’s mantle. The chemical composition of inclusions in gems from these deposits also point to a similar origin.

Meteorite Dates Lunar Volcanoes

Japanese scientists studying a 30-pound meteorite found in Botswana have determined that it originated from a long-ago lunar volcanic eruption. Furthermore, the ratio of uranium and lead atoms in the rock's phosphate minerals, allowed the team to date this eruption at approximately 4.35 billion years ago.

The most-accepted theory of the moon’s origin begins with a collision between the Earth and a Mars-sized body about 4.5 billion years ago. The resulting material thrown into space coalesced into the Moon. This meteorite shows that volcanoes were erupting on the Moon’s surface about 150 million years after its formation. This implies that the Moon’s surface cooled quickly to form a crust and that the interior had separated into a mantle and a core.

The meteorite is hundreds of millions of years older than rocks collected by the Apollo astronauts. These ancient rocks help scientists to better understand the early solar system, including the Earth, because the Moon is the only place where geologists can find rocks formed during the first 500 million years of the solar system. Rocks of that age on Earth have long disappeared, due to erosion and other geologic activity on our planet.

Diamonds from Outer Space

Not all diamonds found on earth are the hard, shiny gems we are all familiar with. Carbonado diamonds, found only in Brazil and the Central African Republic, are dark and frothy, full of small bubbles like pumice. Gem diamonds are formed at extremely high temperatures and pressures deep inside the Earth and then are carried to the Earth’s surface by explosive volcanoes. However, the frothy nature of carbonado diamonds could not have formed deep inside the Earth and their origins have puzzled geologists.

Stephen Haggerty, a geologist at Florida International University, and his colleagues analyzed the chemical composition of the carbonado diamonds by bouncing infrared light off polished slivers. The resulting chemical signatures did not match those of terrestrial hydrogen and nitrogen, but closely matched those found from particles measured in interstellar space. These findings suggest that carbonado diamonds were created by an exploding star and delivered to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago.

The age of these diamonds has been dated to between 2.6 billion and 3.8 billion years ago, a time when South America and Africa were joined together. This would explain why these diamonds have only been found in these two continents, thus are probably from a single asteroid impact. The color variation of the carbonado diamonds, from black and gray to green and even red, suggest that they were likely embedded within another rock, and not just one giant carbonado diamond. The host rock has since weathered away, leaving the carbonado diamonds behind.
 

Did a Comet Cause the Great Flood?

Over 175 cultures have flood myths, telling of a catastrophic inundation of the Earth. Bruce Masse, an environmental archaeologist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, has theorized that these widespread flood myths may have originated from an actual flood caused by a gigantic comet crashing into the Indian Ocean several thousand years ago, nearly wiped out all life on the planet. Furthermore, Masse and other scientists have found evidence of such a collision.

Masse theorizes that some 5,000 years ago, a 3-mile-wide ball of rock and ice smashed into the ocean off the coast of Madagascar. This injected plumes of superheated water vapor and aerosol particulates into the atmosphere and sent a series of 600-foot-high tsunamis crashing against the world’s coastlines. Within hours, the heat and moisture blasted into the jet streams, spawning gigantic hurricanes across the Earth. Additionally, the impact sent tons of material into the atmosphere, plunging the Earth into darkness.

Thus, the origin of the great flood stories found in almost all cultures around the world. The bible tells of Noah’s ark enduring a deluge for 40 days and 40 nights. In the Gilgamesh Epic, the Mesopotamian hero saw a pillar of black smoke on the horizon before the sky went dark for a week. Afterward, a cyclone pummeled the land and caused a massive flood. Indigenous South American myths also tell of a great flood. According to Masse, these stories all describe what the survivors of such an impact would see.

Two flood myths helped Masse pinpoint the date of such an impact. The Hindu flood myth describes the alignment of five planets, which has happened only once in the last 5,000 years. A Chinese story mentions a great flood that occurred at the end of the reign of Empress Nu Wa. These led Masse to date the impact on May 10, 2807 B.C.

Dallas Abbott of Columbia University searched for debris that would have been left from giant waves generated by such an impact. Specifically, tsunamis of this magnitude would leave gigantic, wedge-shaped sandy structures known as chevrons. Because the tsunami would have dredged material from the ocean floor, these chevrons would contain deep-ocean microfossils. Dozens of chevrons can be found along shorelines and inland in Africa and Asia. The shape, size, and location of these chevrons suggest that they resulted from an impact in the ocean off Madagascar. Melted deep-ocean microfossils have been found in these chevrons, providing additional evidence of a cosmic impact. The scientists plan to perform carbon-14 dating on the fossils to see if they are indeed 5,000 years old.

Fossils in the News

Dinosaur Demise from Insects? A new book, What Bugged the Dinosaurs? Insects, Disease and Death in the Cretaceous, by George and Roberta Poinar, theorizes that insects took out the largest land creatures the world has ever known. Although the large asteroid impact and massive volcanic flows took place at the end of the Cretaceous when the dinosaurs became extinct, paleontologists have been puzzled with the gradual decline and disappearance of the dinosaurs before the asteroid impact and volcanic eruptions at the end of the Cretaceous.

Fossil insects from this time trapped in amber show that insect species were evolving and flourishing in the warm temperatures of the late Cretaceous. These insects would have competed with dinosaurs and other herbivores for food. Insects also played a key role in the widespread proliferation of flowering plants at this time, which were rapidly replacing the seed ferns, cycads, gingkoes and other gymnosperms that herbivore dinosaurs relied on. Additionally, biting insects may have carried new diseases that attacked the dinosaurs. This triple punch may have slowly led to the decline of the dinosaurs that eventually finished them off.

In the book, the Poinars describe that during the late Cretaceous, the associations between insects, microbes and disease transmission were just emerging. In the gut of one biting insect preserved in amber from that time, Poinar has found the pathogen that causes leishmania. Leishmania is a serious disease still found today, that can infect both reptiles and mammals. In another biting insect from this time, the researchers discovered organisms that cause a type of malaria that infects birds and lizards today. Nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa have been found in dinosaur feces. Today, many of these intestinal parasites are spread by insects.

The triple attack of insects – loss of traditional food, competition for food, and disease – along with a changing environments, asteroid impact, and massive lava flows may have lead to the end of the dinosaurs.


Biological Explosion in the Precambrian Paleontologists have recently uncovered evidence for a sudden proliferation of species at least 30 million years before the Cambrian period. During the Cambrian, most of the major living groups of animals emerged during a short period of time known as the Cambrian Explosion (between 542 million and 520 million years ago).

Researchers from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg have studied strange fossils from Australia, known as the Ediacara biota. These multicellular organisms emerged about 575 million years ago. The Ediacara organisms are quite different from any creatures found in subsequent fossils. Many resembled leaflike fronds and have complex shapes and forms. They emerged abruptly over about 25 million years during the Avalon period in the Precambrian and the research team has named this biological proliferation of species the Avalon Explosion.

During this time, the earth saw a sudden increase in the oxygen level in the oceans. Additionally, an ice age was ending on the Earth and the oceans were warming. These changing conditions may have triggered the Avalon Explosion. Why these creatures vanished, while the Cambrian Explosion produced phyla that still exist today, is not known.


New Fish-Eating Dinosaur Discovered Scientists have discovered an unusual dinosaur that had a skull similar to a fish-eating crocodile and two huge hand claws that may have been used as grappling hooks to lift fish from the water. Using computer modeling techniques, Emily Rayfield at the University of Bristol reported that the skull of this dinosaur bent and stretched in the same way as the skull of the Indian fish-eating gharial -- a crocodile with long, narrow jaws. Excavation of the dinosaur found partially digested fish scales and teeth and a dinosaur bone in the stomach region of the animal, providing further evidence that the dinosaur ate fish at least some of the time.

The unusual skull of Baryonyx walkeri is quite long, with a curved jaw similar to large crocodiles and alligators. It also had stout conical teeth, rather than the blade-like teeth of meat-eating dinosaurs, plus a rosette of teeth at the tip of the jaw, similar to that found today in slender-jawed crocodiles. However, the skull design is different from crocodiles, suggesting that this design evolved independently in Baryonyx and crocodiles. This dinosaur lived during the early Cretaceous, around 125 million years old, and belongs to the family of dinosaurs called spinosaurs. The fossil was discovered in Surrey, England.


Did a Comet Wipe Out the First Americans? Archeological evidence has shown that about 13,000 years ago, the Clovis people wandered North America, hunting ground sloths, mammoths, and other creatures. However, both hunters and prey mysteriously vanished; the cause of which is unknown. Now, a team of scientists think they know - a large comet smashed into the Earth just north of the Great Lakes. This explosion triggered a 1,000-year cold spell that led to the demise of both the Clovis people and the large animals they hunted.

Previous theories for the disappearance of the Clovis people, along with 35 genera of animals, included climate change and excessive hunting by humans. Supporting this new theory of a comet impact is a thin layer of black soil found at more than 50 North American sites. Within this black layer are grains containing iridium, an element thought to indicate extraterrestrial origins, and melted charcoal, likely from wide-spread forest fires after the impact. Although no crater has been found, the concentrations of these indicators are highest around the Great Lakes, suggesting the location of the impact. The lack of an impact crater may be due to the impact being absorbed and/or erased by the ice sheet that covered the area at this time or the comet could have exploded before hitting the Earth.


Giant Dinosaur-Eating Frog Researchers lead by David Krause from the New York Stony Brook University have discovered the remains of the largest frog every discovered. Beelzebufo (Devil Toad), found in Madagascar, lived approximately 65 to 70 million years ago in a semi-arid environment and was about the size of a bowling ball. It also had an unusual diet, hunting lizards, small mammals, and even dinosaur hatchlings.

The fossils of Beelzebufo are quite similar to fossil frogs from South America, supporting the theory that South America and Africa, along with the island of Madagascar, were a single continent at this time. Also, scientists speculate that Beelzebufo went extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs.


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Upcoming Events, Nearby & Elsewhere
 

Wed., Mar. 19, Friends of Dinosaur Ridge Annual Meeting, Volunteer Appreciation Dinner, and (belated) Arthur Lakes Birthday Party; featuring Dr. Martin Lockley explaining "Tracks 101, How to Identify a Dino Track". At the Dino Ridge Visitors Center, 6:30 p.m., 16831 W. Alameda Parkway, Morrison.

Fri.-Sat.-Sun. Mar. 28-30, Gem and Mineral Show sponsored by the Fort Collins Rockhounds Club, at Lincoln Center, 417 W. Magnolia St., Fort Collins; see http://www.fortcollinsrockhounds.org/ for more info. Featuring “Minerals of the American West”.

Friday April 11, North Jeffco Gem and Mineral Club Silent Auction. North Jeffco Community Recreation Center, 6842 Wadsworth Blvd. Setup begins at 5:30 pm; Auction begins at 6:45 pm. Mineral specimens, gems, jewelry, crafts, equipment, and bake sale. Free parking, free admission, and free refreshments. Public invited. Sellers and buyers welcome. For addition information call Ron Knoshaug at 303-423-2923 or email at jrknoshaug@comcast.net.

Fri.-Sat.-Sun. April 25-26-27, Colorado Mineral & Fossil Show. Holiday Inn-Denver Central, 4849 Bannock St., Denver, CO 80216. Hours: Fri. & Sat., 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Sunday, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. ADMISSION FREE, Parking free. Annual spring show and sale of minerals, fossils, gems, jewelry, beads, meteorites, decorator items, and lapidary supplies. More than 70 local, national, and international vendors sell nature-related items for collectors and the general public. This is a fun event for the whole family, from kids to senior citizens, with items for sale in every price range. Retail and wholesale buyers will find great bargains for their collections, personal adornment, home décor, and gifts. Participating vendors come from China, India, Pakistan, Morocco, Ethiopia, and Tibet. Local miners and jewelry artists will sell their finds and creations. WEBSITE: www.mzexpos.com.

Sat-Sun, May 17-18, The mineral collection of Dick Holmes will go on sale May 17, Sat., 8:00 - 4:00 and Sunday the 18th, noon to 4:00. Dick was a miner and a mine inspector, with a collection spanning 1925 to 1986, and he was the author (with M.B. Kennedy) of "Mines and Minerals of the Great American Rift" (publ. 1983). There will be over 1,500 specimens, mostly Colorado minerals, many from the San Juan and Leadville areas. Cash only; Rain or Shine; no pre-sales. 2980 S. Vine Street, Denver, 80210 (south of Denver University). There will be many specimens under $100, Perky boxes in various sizes, and hand-size minerals up to large crystal plates. A complete collection of "The Mineralogical Record" from the first issue to 1989 is for sale - inquire day of sale for a viewing appointment.
Contact daughter Judy Holmes, 303-758-5547.
 

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Notices of Interest to FMC Members
 

We Need Your Help

The American Federation of Mineralogical Societies has an ongoing goal of having subjects of interest appear on U.S. commemorative stamps. Currently we are attempting to get gemstones on stamps.

The 2003 United States 50 State Quarters program features a faceted gemstone on the Arkansas 25-cent piece. Collect these and also support gemstones on stamps too!

We need you to actively support and promote the project by sending letters expressing your interest to the USPS. You do not have to be an AFMS member to write. Letters or petitions for stamp subjects should be sent to:

The Citizen’s Stamp Advisory Committee
c/o Stamp Development
U.S. Postal Service
475 L’Enfant Plaza, SW, Room 5670
Washington, DC 20260-2437

Rainbow Lattice (Australia)

I have an amount of GOOD Rainbow Lattice found at Harts Ranges some years ago. As you are aware this is a rare stone to be found in useable pieces. There is literally tons of this material to be gathered with little or no effort but to find something worthwhile takes a lot of searching time and effort. The lot I have was found in a rock in a vein of ball-like deposits. Nothing large but breaks into 4/ 20 ct pieces. I would be willing to forward pieces to you on approval and let you put your price on them. I am approaching 80 and can no longer fossick and am disposing of my collection I have maybe 600+ carats of this material in varying grades. Ken Cross.

AA Mineral Specimens (Australia)

AA Mineral Specimens is a web-based mineral dealer specializing in the supply of mineral and gemstone specimens, lapidary materials and fossils. Current stock can be viewed at www.aamineralspecimens.com.

AA Mineral Specimens circulates a weekly newsletter to inform subscribers of stock, deals and items of interest. As the newsletter may be of interest to you, we are currently promoting the newsletter by offering a US$5,000 store credit as a prize for one lucky subscriber. Details of the promotion are available on AA Minerals website.

You and your Club members can subscribe to our newsletter by going to our website and clicking on the ‘Join our Mailing List’ button. For further information contact Susan Lafferty and Bruce Myles.
 

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Updated 3/6/08